Middle earth’s annual mordor fun run one does not simply walk vintage shirt. Seismic monitoring maps current and future trends in volcanic activities and tries to develop early warning systems. In climate modeling the aim is to study the physical mechanisms and feedbacks of volcanic forcing. Volcanoes are also part of the extended carbon cycle. Over very long (geological) time periods, they release carbon dioxide from the Earth’s crust and mantle, counteracting the uptake by sedimentary rocks and other geological carbon dioxide sinks.
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